"Webinar with Michael Hudson:
a 4000-year perspective on economy, money and debt"
The Unz Review (April 27, 2021)
https://www.unz.com/mhudson/money-and-debt/

https://youtu.be/O_btd7wuslc

Transcript

Jussi: Welcome Michael. I just give a brief overview of the agenda and then I get back to you with a few questions.

I just show you this picture, what we want to do today is this: Today we will get a long-term view on money debt and the economy, including the different power struggles over the ages. We start from 2400 B.C. until today. It goes through Babylonia and Sumerian time to biblical times, Roman and medieval banking, to today. That’s a quite big thing to cover but we have the right man with us: Michael. I just say a few words first.

Michael has been an advisor to governments, he is an expert on financial and real estate markets and actually history too of debt and money and the economy, which is the reason why he is here today. He predicted the Latin American debt crash in the 1980s and the crisis of 2008.

Today’s topic: 40 years of research into the origins of money, debt and how the economy was organized way, way back. This kind of research is not like reading a book, because those were written in clay tablets, so Michael’s research has been a very big thing.

Michael, could you please introduce yourself, let’s take three of your defining moments that you like to share in your career. If we start with the first one with the Chase?

Michael: Well, my first major job on Wall Street was becoming the balance of payments economist for Chase Manhattan, and the very first task they gave me, in late 1964, was to look at the balance of payments of their three major Latin American creditors: Argentina, Brazil and Chile, to see how much they can afford to borrow. My job was to say: here is how much of an export surplus they can raise foreign exchange for.

The idea of the New York banks, was that all of the economic surplus would be paid for debt service, so that everything that they could export to create a trade surplus, an investment surplus, a tourism surplus, etc., if you put this all together, they’re generating say two billion dollars a year, all of that can be paid as interest. You calculate: how much will two billion dollars pay in interest, how much of a loan can that support, and say: that’ll be maybe a 20-billion-dollar loan.

I did my forecasts: here is the trade balance, the tourism balance, the investment balance and they weren’t generating any surplus. So, I said: wait a minute, how are they going to repay more interest if they’re not generating an economic surplus to pay in the first place [emphasis added].

You can imagine that this did not make me popular with the international division within the bank, because bank officers get paid according to how many loans they can make because that’s what the bank’s business is: making loans. If I said: wait a minute, they can’t afford to repay, I was called doctor doom, already in the 1960s.

We had one meeting with the federal reserve at a later point and they said: Mr. Hudson, according to your analysis, Britain can’t pay any additional loans? And I said: that’s pretty obvious, I think that the pound is going to be devalued. They said: but we’re always going to lend Britain the money to pay, aren’t we? And I said: that’s right, if the federal reserve and the US government lends Britain the money to pay the interest to keep itself, then they can do it. And the fed guy said: then we can lend the Latin American governments if they’re friendly governments.

In other words: we will lend the dictators and the client oligarchies money to pay, but if they were to vote for somebody we don’t like, then we’ll call in all the loans, strangle the economy, block them from importing, devalue the currency, create a crisis, to say: that’s what you get for not voting for our guys [emphasis added]..

You want to try democracy? This is the free market where we get to bankrupt you if you don’t like it [emphasis added].

They said: it’s not a bad thing that the government makes loans, because we can control them, we can make sure that if they elect anyone we don’t like, anyone who wants land reform, anyone who wants independence, anyone who won’t privatize their oil and their natural resources, you can just absolutely destroy them [emphasis added]..

I said: Okay, I get it, if you lend them the money, then they can pay. This is like a Ponzi scheme: you lend the investors enough to pay the interest and keep current. That was my introduction to how the balance of payments worked between the United States and the third world and also how political the whole credit problem was [emphasis added].

David Rockefeller had taken over the bank from George Champion, who had said around 1963-64 that the Vietnam war was fiscally irresponsible because it was ultimately going to force us off gold [emphasis added].

My boss at Chase, John Deaver, said: “That’s the merchants of death argument in reverse, you’re saying we can only vote for a war that we can afford. That’s wrong: we have to do what’s right; we have to fight communism everywhere! What is communism? Communism is nationalism, the opposite of democracy, communism is voting for somebody we don’t like. Even if we can’t afford it, we’ve got to do it!” [emphasis added]

So, now the rest of us at the economic research department dealt with what the war meant. Every Thursday evening the Federal Reserve came out with a balance sheet of currency money, currency and gold. Under the gold exchange standard, every dollar of paper currency, every green bill in your pocket had to be backed 25% for gold.

We were watching the balance of payments deficit was draining, and draining, and draining foreign exchange that was cashed in for gold by general de Gaulle in France, by Germany etc. At a certain point the dollar was going to have to stop gold convertibility.

That was the other thing that we were watching: monetary theory is supposed to be all about money being spent on goods and services. But the entire balance of payments deficit of the United states since 1950, was to pay for the war in southeast Asia and for the 800 military bases that America had around the world [emphasis added].

The key to the balance of payments was the military. It didn’t have anything to do with America’s prices and wages and all the things that academics talked about. It was what the academic theorists leave out: we are the gun votes [emphasis added]. That was my first experience.

Jussi: What you’re saying is that the US had to get out of the gold standard because it made itself to be a Latin American country with US dollar loans?

Michael: That was what their worry was. But my book Super Imperialism showed just the opposite: The gold actually became a key to American dominance. But at the time they were very worried about going off gold.

There was a Columbia university group at that time of three people: my mentor Terence McCarthy, Seymour Melman, critic of the pentagon, and myself. We were the three warning that the balance of payments of the war was going to force the government off gold [emphasis added].

I had to leave the bank to finish my dissertation, because they kept giving me more and more work, which is what economists would have. And I had to get my PhD as a union card.

Then I developed a whole balance of payments accounting format at Chase. I went to Arthur Andersen, the accounting firm. Before they were closed down for fraud, they were a major accounting firm. I said I want to do my analysis for the whole US of its balance of payments. I worked for a whole year putting the US balance of payments together. That’s when I found the entire deficit was all military [emphasis added].

So, they had their art department draw up all the charts. One day my boss came into my office and said: we just got a phone call from Robert McNamara, and they had the defense department, the leader of the Vietnam war, the hawk. He was an idiot savant, very brilliant but didn’t know what to be brilliant about, and there was a tunnel vision, the power mad Irishman who went on to lead the world bank and corrupt it. Anyway, he said that Arthur Andersen would never get another government contract if they didn’t fire me on the spot and prevent this criticism of the analysis of the balance of payments from coming out.

So, I took it to New York University, where I got my PhD. I took it to the business school, and they immediately published it as a triple issue of The Bullet and then that became a major to do at that point. That was in 1968-69 and it was obvious at that time that America was soon going to go off gold, which it did.

After that I became fairly well known because I had forecast it and I did explain how once countries go off gold, America went off gold.

Other foreign central banks said: what are we going to call our reserves in? The American government doesn’t want us to buy gold, the only thing we can buy is other government securities and the only government securities around are American treasury securities, because nobody else is running as big a deficit to push all of these IOUs into the world market [emphasis added].

I went up every month to Canada, in Montréal to Molson Rousseau to give stock market reports and bond market reports. That led to the Canadian government appointing me to have a study of how Canada should conduct itself (and this was 1978) in this new monetary order where it couldn’t get gold anymore.

The problem in Canada was: in the late 1960s and especially the 1970s, interest rates were going up very rapidly in the United States and Canada and the whole western world. They were going up because of the shortage of credit because of war financing [emphasis added].

In the past, the Bank of Canada had been a wonderful monetary model, in World War II and the 50s. But the commercial banks have been increasing their political power over Canada.

When the Canadian provinces wanted to borrow, instead of paying like maybe 5-and-1/2 or 6 % when they needed to fund their own provincial development, roads and the kind of thing that provinces or states spend their money on, the banks went to them and said: “You can save a quarter, maybe half a percentage point, in interest. Instead of borrowing from Canadian banks, you can borrow from Swiss banks and German banks. You can borrow in Swiss Francs or German Marks and you’ll get a much cheaper loan!”

My argument was that it’s completely unnecessary, let’s look at what happens when a government like Canada borrows foreign exchange from Germany or France. The province will have the banks issue a bond to be paid in Switzerland or Germany to be subscribed in Swiss francs or German marks. Then the province will take these Swiss francs and German Marks and turn them over to the Central bank, the Bank of Canada, in exchange for domestic Canadian currency. That’s because provinces don’t spend foreign exchange on building bridges, hiring labor and building hospitals. They use domestic currency [emphasis added].

I said: if the Canadian government is going to be creating this money in any case, why doesn’t it just print all the money to begin with? It can simply print a billion Canadian dollars and charge whatever interest it wants. They could charge zero interest. Why do you have to go through the charade of borrowing Swiss francs and German marks and foreign currency if you’re just going to turn into domestic currency? [emphasis added]

Meanwhile, the provinces were borrowing so much money, that the Canadian dollar went up from about 90 cents to 1.06 US dollars. It was all increasing the currency, all this foreign currency borrowing inflow.

We had a stormy meeting with the banks, they said: we’re honest brokers. The bank that was saying this was certainly the crookedest money laundering bank in Canada, the Scotia bank. They said: you need us as an honest broker, you can’t trust the government, governments are bad. They brought in a catholic priest who said: “What Mr. Hudson is proposing is the way to the gas chambers. Any government decision is the way to Nazi Germany. It’s the gas chambers! He is supporting the government, don’t let the government make any decision at all. Only the swiss banks and the German banks can make a decision because only the bankers are honest and smart.” [emphasis added]

I thought: Oh my god! Here are the banks in Canada, they are involved in money laundering and pretty crooked, what can I do? The government published my report from the Institute of Research and Public Policy: Canada in the New Monetary Order.

I got landed immigrant status for all that. They actually wanted me to put together a report on what the government could do to change the personality of Canadians. They said: “I can see that we have a problem here.”

My main client at one of the Toronto banks, who’d been in charge of investment, became head of the personnel department. He said: “There’s a problem, when I hire economists, they have tunnel vision, they don’t have a sense of reality.”

The government said: we’re going to hire you by the department of state, which in Canada funds, not foreign affairs, but domestic education, the film industry. My idea was: what can you do to create some kind of a group in Canada that is reality based, and doesn’t just believe what economic models say, and doesn’t simply rely on the United States (that was a byproduct of that). [emphasis added]

Right after that, I got involved with UNITAR, the United Nations Institute of Training and Research, that was under Irvin Laszlo, a systems analyst who was doing a study of north-south relations. I wrote three major articles and presentations for them saying that (this was in 1969-70), there is no way that Latin American countries and the other southern hemisphere countries can pay their foreign debts, they’re about to default [emphasis added].

This was the analysis that I began at Chase Manhattan and I said: are they going to default? You have to begin talking about how you’re going to cancel the debts. Because if you don’t cancel the debts and you don’t write them down, then you’re going to have the IMF come in, you’re going to impose austerity, their economic growth is going to stop and their economies are going to shrink [emphasis added].

UNITAR had a big meeting in Mexico City. Mexico’s president wanted to be head of the united nations, so he put up the money for a big UNITAR meeting, and we went down there and I gave my usual presentation saying now there’s going to be a debt crisis. You’ve got to begin talking about writing down debts to the ability to pay. If the banks make a loan that can’t be paid, you have to treat this as a bad loan, it’s not a bad debt, it’s a bad loan. The banks knew that the countries can’t pay [emphasis added].

I thought that a basic principle of international law should be that if creditors make loans to countries that cannot be paid, the assumption should be that they know it won’t be paid, it’s intentional and they want the consequences, they want to drive the country bankrupt, they want to grab its oil and its raw materials. They want to use debt is a lever to essentially strip the assets of the country and transfer them into the creditor countries. Especially the United States, which could create all the credit it wanted simply on the printing press [emphasis added].

There was a riot there and that led me to realize that this is really an important topic and that other people didn’t want to understand it, which was obvious for me just from drawing my graphs. I’d spent maybe 10 years, by that time 20 years since 1960 to about 1980, most of my time was drawing statistics, making graphs of them, being a quantitative empirical chart drawer. I could see that that is important, but then I thought I’ve got to decide to write a history of how countries have coped with paying debts in the past.

The fact is that in the end, almost nobody has been able to pay the debt. That’s because simply of the mathematics of compound interest. Exponential interest accumulates and accumulates, and any rate of interest has a doubling time. The debts, if you leave them, they double, they redouble and they keep on growing [emphasis added].

I began to do historical studies at that point. I realized it doesn’t help my drawing charts, people just get angry at it. And most people who are not economists and are not in the financial sector, are not all that interested in looking at charts, they need it sort of wrapped in a big picture. So, I’ve got to begin framing my points in the big picture.

In 1982, Mexico announced that it couldn’t pay the debt, it was a default. The result was that after 1982 you had the Latin American debt bomb. Latin Americvan Countries defaulted, because they couldn’t pay. Everything that I’d forecast pretty much came true, but it wasn’t politically correct for me to say it [emphasis added].

People told me that I was like a premature anti-fascist. I was warning about the problem before it occurred. I’d worked at the Hudson institute with Herman Khan for many years. We went around the world and he’d usually introduced me as Doctor Doom. There were a few other doctor dooms, they were all financial. Al Woljinower, Henry Kaufman and we were all warning that the debts couldn’t be paid.

People thought that we must have a psychological desire for them not to be paid. People would ask us: isn’t it that you don’t want the debts to be paid? Why do you want to believe that there’s going to be a crisis? They couldn’t believe that we were actually making charts showing where the money was. And to follow the money in this case, means we followed the debt [emphasis added].

Debt led me into my historical studies.

Jussi: It seems like you have a quite extensive experience from the politics of external debt. Thank you for that introduction and background. It’s quite clear what you’re saying: If a country has external debts, it’s a problem for them. If people have debt to someone, it’s a problem for them.

What you actually said: it should be a business risk, then it would be a bad loan rather than a bad debt. If you give a loan, and know it’s a bad loan, you should take the business risk.

Could you share anything about the history, if you go back to the Babylonian or Sumerian time and what happened. If you start with the origin of credit and money and how that structured the society at that time?

Michael: I spent the year 1980-81 going back in history. It was easy to go back through medieval European times, the Templars, go back to Greece and Rome who were just at constant revolts of trying to cancel the debts.

In the Bible you had the Jubilee year. At that time almost all the commentators around 1981 said that the Jubilee year was all utopian, couldn’t have really happened. There were references I found to Babylonian antecedents, but nobody had written an economic history of the ancient Near East. There were years and years of journal articles, if you look through what had been written you wouldn’t find debt anywhere in the index of any of these.

We knew that there were proclamations, so I began to read literally everything that had been printed in any economic journal in any language about the ancient Near East. I found that in order to understand the origins of debt, you had to understand the whole context.

I found that there had been debt cancellations, and these were not only attested by legal records, but by every ruler in the Near East. When they come to power, from Sumerian times: Enmetena, Urukagina, down through the Hammurabi dynasty. The first ruler, upon taking the throne, would proclaim a clean slate, to cancel the debts, to return land from creditor to debtors who forfeited them, and you’d free the bond service. The same thing, literally word for word, is what you get in the biblical Jubilee year.

In 1984 this began a process that I spent the next 35 years on. In 1984 I was brought up to Harvard and I joined the faculty as a research associate of the Peabody museum, which was their archaeology anthropology department. We decided, because there wasn’t any history, that I was going to organize a series of colloquia and invite the leading experts in Egyptology, Assyriology, Sumer, Babylonia, and other Near Eastern countries each to say: In their period, how did these societies handle debt, how did the rate of interest come to be developed and what did they use for money. It was pretty much only towards the end of this long research, we published five major colloquia of my Harvard group that I’ve co-edited.

In order to explain what money is, we had to say: how did civilization develop its economics? It probably began in the late Neolithic. In the late Neolithic, how do you organize society when you have the individual economy and every people worked on their land, they’d grown their own crops, they had cattle, etc.

But they also needed: Who’s going to build the temples? Who’s going to build the pyramids? Who’s going to build the city walls to protect them? Who’s going to do the major irrigation works? Who’s going to work on what today is called infrastructure, and who’s going to serve in the army because they were fighting all the time? [emphasis added]

How are you going to organize a society both to build infrastructure and fight? The answer was: you would assign land to everybody in a standardized plot, and you’ll get as much land as is necessary to pay a given tax, the tax is originally in labor. If we’re going to give you a family size plot you have to have people serving as labor during the non-harvesting season to build the walls, to carry the dirt, to dig irrigation canals, to build pyramids etc. It was the need to pay taxes to support infrastructure and employ labor, that led to property being assigned to the land tenure [emphasis added].

The rulers had to keep accounts for all of us: how are we going to supply beer and meat to the people who are working? How are we going to get stone and metal? Mesopotamia was very rich agricultural land as was the Nile valley, but it was all deposited by water over the millions of years. Where are they going to get stone and metal? [emphasis added]

They had to have foreign trade. So, they had accountants that organized their society. And they organized it through balance sheets: we have silver and metals coming in from abroad, we have grain and barley and wool domestically [emphasis added].

They created money as part of an accounting-system, a means of payment. They set one unit of grain (a bushel of grain was equal to one shekel of silver), so that you could keep foreign trade and domestic agriculture all in one set of unified accounts. Money thus was a by-product of accounting [emphasis added].

You had 100 years of misinformation about money, essentially written by pro-bankers, Austrians and academics that said: Money must have developed when people wanted to barter. But that’s not how money was created! It had nothing to do with barter.

We found that the origins of enterprise were coordinated by the chieftains or by the rulers or whatever you would call the chieftains and/or rulers in a given society. The chieftains in every society, African tribal societies, Asian societies, were in charge of foreign trade.

They were mixed economies: they had private entrepreneurs traveling abroad, they would either borrow money from each other, or from the palace, they’d have to pay taxes to the palace, tariffs, and you’d have the people on the land. You’d have basically an integrated economy being coordinated.

Money wasn’t used at all for barter! You can understand why: the major domestic money was grain. Just imagine you’re during the crop year, you have the whole year in between harvests. Nobody’s going to carry around a little grain in their pocket and weigh it out (the scales weren’t all that good anyway). During the crop year, what we found, and all of this was from documents that were engraved on clay, we found them from garbage piles of people, you dig them all up and you’d get the whole public records, the archives of a particular family.

During the year, you’d go to the ale house and you run ale and you do what workers do in the west between paydays. They’d run up a tab on the bar. The whole idea was: on payday you would have to settle your bill, pay the tab. In Mesopotamia and Egypt, the only time that you would actually pay for all of these things that you consume during the year: rent of animals, plows, shoes, whatever, we have the contracts for the IOUs that the people would sign.

Every contract would say: in exchange for what you bought; the debt will be paid on the threshing floor at harvest time. The Sumerians and the Babylonians and the Egyptians would bring in their grain or their crops to be weighed out. The first thing that would happen those days was to say: this much goes to the ale lady, this much goes to the palace in exchange for what it’s advanced, this much goes to the palace who rented out land to me as a shared property, and they pay all the debts.

In sum, money was used once a year or once a harvest season to settle the debts. Ancient societies operated on credit, not money! [emphasis added]

So, the whole Austrian idea was wrong. The reason was not only dishonesty, but a vicious hatred of democracy by the Austrian school and by academic economics. Their hatred of democracy was the fear that a democracy might take control of a government and apply pro-labor policies that interfered with the profits of banks and the profits of the rich people. The Austrian school developed a whole theory of economics. Today it is the Chicago school junk economics, the monetarism. [emphasis added]

How do we create an economic theory where government doesn’t exist? If we can say that the whole economy works without government existing, except to interfere, then we can we can block democracy, we can prevent any government from actually doing anything. That’s the ideal of the Republican party and the Democratic party of the United States today, it’s the neoliberal idea today [emphasis added].

It is essentially to circumscribe governments so that instead of the governments creating money, or instead of the governments regulating debt, the bankers, the financial sector will be in control, which is the honest sector [emphasis added].

This idea said: this must have been how civilization began back in Mesopotamia in Egypt in the third millennium B.C. second millennium B.C. But we know that didn’t exist, because I just said what was the norm: you pay the debts out of your crops and you had the idea of a more or less stable society.

But as you all know: crops fail sometimes. Sometimes, when there’s bad weather, what do you do when the crops fail? What do you do if there’s a disease and people get sick? What do you do with families that somebody’s injured somehow or they can’t pay the debts? Or if there’s military hostility, there’s war your opponent’s come in, they burn the land, they destroy the crops, what do you do in that case? [emphasis added]

The ruler could do one of two things: If he did not cancel the debts he could say: Oh, I’m sorry, there was a crop surplus, and you’ve pledged your land to the creditor, now you’re going to lose the land. And you’ve pledged your slave to the creditor as a collateral. And your wife and daughter you’ve also pledged as collateral for the debt.

If the ruler didn’t cancel the debts, then half the population would lose its land, the families would be broken up, and the creditors would end up pretty quickly without all the land and all of the population. The creditors tend to get powerful enough that they don’t pay their debts, they can resist the government. Then they can in fact become a rival to the palace [emphasis added].

The last thing the palace wanted in Babylonia, all the way down to the Byzantine empire, was to have an independent creditor class that would end up hiring its own army, overthrowing the government and establishing a Chicago school essentially Pinochet type revolution taking over. So, the rulers cancelled the debts [emphasis added].

Everybody knew back in the 1980s about Hammurabi’s laws and they thought: here’s a law code. But it wasn’t a real law code, because we have the actual court documents of many cases, and the judges didn’t follow Hammurabi’s laws, they were guidelines, it wasn’t a literary thing. The only proclamations of Hammurabi that actually had legal legally binding force were the debt cancellations, the Underarum laws.

The idea was: you’re going to have a disruption in activity, how do we get back to normal, how do we restore resilience. That is like today when we’re in a pandemic right now. Economic activity is disrupted, there are a lot of arrears that are mounting rent arrears, debt arrears, how are we going to handle that?

Babylonia and Sumer are examples. They said, okay, the debts don’t have to be paid, we’re going to start all over, an economy in balance.

We looked at the training manuals for the scribes. The mathematical models used by Babylonian scribes are more sophisticated than any mathematical model used anywhere in the world today, because they saw something very simple: They calculated how fast the debts grow: compound interest [emphasis added].

How fast do crops and cattle grow when the economy grows? Just like today, it grows in an S-curve. If the economy grows in an S-curve, due to compound interest the volume of debt is going to grow faster than the ability to pay. Either you’re going to have the whole society end up owned by the creditors, or you’re going to have the rulers restore balance. The economy is not self-regulating [emphasis added].

Every economic student today has said: there’s a business cycle and the business cycle is self-regulating. If unemployment goes down or there’s a crash, it’ll all automatically go back to normal without the government doing anything. That’s not what they believed in the Bronze Age. They knew that the government had to intervene and restore order.

The Sumerian word for this “amar-gi”, was restoring the mother condition, in other words: restoring normalcy. There was a theory of time that underlay the Bronze Age, before classical antiquity, a circular time. You had to go back to normal, everything had to be put back in order just to free economies from the disruption that you’d have when there’s a crop failure [emphasis added].

Even if there was no crop failure, even if there was no military invasion, when a new ruler took power, you were pretty sure that during that period of the former king’s rule, debts were going to mount up.

What we found very quickly, was that the Babylonian andurarum laws were taken over, word for word, in the Bible and the Jubilee year. The Hebrew word that they used was “deror” which was cognate to the Babylonian word “andurarum”.

Judea had lost the war with Babylonia, the wealthiest families and some of the rest of the population were taken to Babylonia and they became acclimatized over a period of a century or so and became part of Babylonian society. But when Iran, Persia, conquered Babylonia, King Cyrus let Nehemiah resettle. A lot of the exiles wanted to go back to their homeland.

The people wanted to go back most of all, were the wealthiest families, they wanted to go back to Judea. And they said: now we want our ancient land, that was all redistributed to the poor, to the rest of the people. They brought with them this concept of the Jubilee year, of restoring historic order, and historic order was: to restore to them their land.

When the Bible was edited and composed in the sixth and fifth century B.C., you had this Jubilee year written into the whole narrative of the Bible, put at the very center of Mosaic law, in Leviticus book 25, woven into the history of the kings, woven into the prophets, you had all of the Jewish Bible written to weave in this concept of andurarum, deror of Jubilee of restoring order.

There was a major sect based on Melkizedek, one of the high priests. From the sixth century to the first century B.C. there weren’t many records, because the Judeans didn’t keep their records on clay tablets, they kept them on parchment, and we don’t have any of them, all we have is what has survived in the caves of the Dead Sea scrolls. We know from the Dead Sea scrolls that there were midrashes, that is quotations of all of the things from the Bible that was putting all the debt cancellations all together

[45:22] Jesus was part of this movement, and in his very first sermon, when he went to the synagogue on his home city, he unrolled the scroll of Isaiah and said: I’ve come to proclaim the year of the lord, the Jubilee year, to cancel the debts.

In the five centuries that followed the initial compilation of the Bible, there were more and more wealthy people becoming rich in Judea, just as they were in Greece, Rome and every other country. Every country in those centuries was polarizing between creditors at the top, exploiting debtors at the bottom, enslaving much of the population [emphasis added].

The issue was: >what about this Jubilee year in the Bible? You’re supposed to liberate the slaves, and you’re not liberating them! You’re supposed to return the lands, and you’re gobbling up the land! [emphasis added]

Jesus said that he’d come to represent the conservative biblical reform, against the wealthy people who Luke, one of the four authors of the new testament of the Bible, said: they were the pharisees. They were the rabbinical group led by Rabbi Hillel, who had developed a clause that also had been used in Babylonia. When borrowers would borrow, they’d say: we waive our rights under the Jubilee year [emphasis added].

[47:07] Already in Babylonia, creditors have got borrowers to say: we waive our rights in case the ruler should cancel the debts. The ruler and the court said: all these clauses are illegal! The debts are cancelled. But that is not what happened in Israel, the rabbis got the waiver to be signed [emphasis added].

You had, in Judea, the same kind of a class fight, that you were having much more in Greece and Rome [emphasis added].

Am I moving too fast for you?

Jussi: No, not at all, you’re doing fine. What I see is that you’re talking about the same power struggle between creditors and debtors all the time? Between government and financial elites? It seems like it’s a pattern all over the place.

If you take your experience from there from the Latin American things you experience from Canada, from your balance and payments analysis that you made, and we go back all the way to Sumer and Babylonia, and back to Judea with Jesus, it seems like it’s the same thing all over again all the time?

[48:26] Michael: It is a common thread throughout history. The question is how did the west come to be so different from all this? Why don’t we don’t we cancel the debts today? Well, the answers found in Greece and Rome [emphasis added].

I’ve been lecturing at the Institute of Fine Arts, a part of NYU in New York, teaching a course in Greek archaeology from the 10th to 8th century BC. There was a meeting in 1990 about this period. Almost all the lectures on archaeology at that were all about pottery, or designs or ships. There was nothing about social practices, because there are no social records about social practices. That’s why it was the dark age, literally dark.

I’d worked with the Bronze Age in Greece. The second millennium B.C. we have all the linear B records of the Palaces, Knossos in Crete, no records anywhere of interest being charged. Just how much is owed from each different section, but no idea of interest!

[50:04] My theory, and it has now become the accepted theory, is that interest was brought to Greece and Rome, by Phoenician (Syrian) traders around 750 B.C. They were trading, they brought the whole practice of charging interest. They would trade with presumably the chieftains or the wealthy families, and the Aegean in the Greek city states, in Italy, Rome and the other city-states [emphasis added].

How are you going to calculate the rate at which interest builds up? I figured out that the rate of interest in Babylonia was 1/60 per month, because the Babylonian system was based on 60, because you could divide it very easily into fractions. Sixty months is five years, so the doubling time of a loan in Babylonia, and the whole Near East, was five years.

The Cretans and Egyptians, used a decimal system, so their rate of interest was one tenth. But Rome used the duo-decimal system, twelfths. It divided, just as you have the Troy Pound divided into twelve Troy Ounces, you had twelfths. In Greece, Rome, Babylonia, in every country, the rate of interest was the local fractional system. We realized, what was born was the whole argument that Aristotle later developed: how can interest be charged in monies of barren metal? What is born?

[52:00] You have again the Austrian school, the anti-socialist far right-wing extremists say: The creditors must have always been the good guys, because if you say the creditors are the bad guys, then you have an argument against today’s bankers, so the creditors must have lent out cattle and they must have lent out grain and took part of their return in the form of grain and cattle [emphasis added].

No anthropologist has found any society, anywhere in the world, at any time, where people lend out cattle. Creditors foreclose on cattle, but they won’t lend them out. They take them, not lend them [emphasis added].

I realized that what was born, was not cattle, it wasn’t crops growing, it was time. If you have 1/12 interest, that means you pay one twelfth of the Principal, which is 8-and-1/3% a month. You had every rate of interest based on the time, and the debts in Greece were always owed on the new moon. When you have the moon, a new period, the debts are due. You had the whole timing of paying debt [emphasis added].

You had the rate of interest being charged, but you didn’t have any kings in Greece and Rome. Rome overthrew the kings, that were reported by Livy and other historians, who have kept a pretty good balance and kept the creditors in check. Same thing in Greece, in most countries, areas, you didn’t have the kings, they were sort of more like the mafia.

In Greece coming out of the Dark Ages in the eighth and seventh centuries BC, they were overthrown by people called tyrants, who actually laid the seeds for democracy. In Corinth and other countries, the first thing they would do was to redistribute the land that had been monopolized by the local mafiosi, the kings and they did cancel the debts. In Athens, 507 B.C. Solon cancelled the debts, he didn’t redistribute the land, but subsequent tyrants Peisistratus, became the great catalysts for democracy in these countries.

[54:46] But, still, from the very beginning, without kings you had an oligarchy developing throughout the whole ancient world, but especially in Greece and especially in Rome. Aristotle wrote that the constitutions of many cities seem to be democratic but actually were oligarchic. Both he and Plato described how, if you do have a democracy, you’re going to have wealthy people developing, they’re going to take over, and the democracy is going to turn into an oligarchy, and the oligarchy is going to make itself hereditary, into an aristocracy, and it’s going to essentially stifle economic growth, grab all the wealth and all the land for itself, until someone among the ruling families is going to fight against the other ruling families (because there is no one else to fight against). They’re going to take the people into their camp (that was Aristotle’s phrase) and have a revolution and have democracy all over again [emphasis added].

So, it was like an eternal triangle: democracy, oligarchy, aristocracy, overthrowing it with a new democracy and the whole cycle begins all over again. And that’s pretty much how Greek history seemed to be developing [emphasis added].

In Rome, you had an oligarchy ruling from the very beginning. The kings were overthrown and the oligarchies were pretty much in control from the 5th century, end of the 6th century and onward. What you had was five centuries of repeated revolts, walkouts, secessions of the plebs and civil wars. The common demand of all of the rebels was: cancel the debts, redistribute the land [emphasis added].

[56:38] They were all killed. The Romans believed in the kind of free market that the University of Chicago 'free-marketers' believed in. “We can’t have a free market, if you don’t assassinate everybody who wants to challenge our power.” [emphasis added]

[The oligarch’s “free market” is] “Liberty for us is the liberty to enslave our debtors. Liberty for us is the ability to do what we want to other people.” That was a free market as the Romans defined, and of course that’s Milton Friedman’s free market, and what libertarian economics is all about: Freedom for the wealthy [emphasis added].

What they call the free market is a market dominated by the creditors, dominated by the monopolists and by the rentiers. Rome was a rentier society, so they killed one popular leader after another, ending with the stabbing of Julius Caesar, when they were worried that he was going to cancel the debts to resolve the debt crisis that had already occurred a generation before in the Catiline conspiracy, when Catiline tried to fight to cancel the debts, as his predecessors had tried to do [emphasis added].

[57:50] Rome became really the first society not to cancel the debts. We all know what happened to that: we had the dark age, and the dark age is what happens when you let creditors take control [emphasis added].

The Dark Age is what happens when you let the free marketers gain control and essentially use debt as a lever to grabbing all of the land, all the property, to create monopolies and, essentially, to take power away from the government [emphasis added].

58:24] When you hear the libertarians say: we want to get rid of government power, government planning is awful, look at what Stalin did with it! The fact is that every economy plans ahead, since the Neolithic you have to plan ahead, every company plans ahead to research and development. If the government doesn’t take the lead in doing the planning and indicative planning and regulation, then planning and regulation and research allocation shifts to the creditors, to the banks, and that’s what we’re seeing today. We’re seeing the takeover of the banks and the creditors, and you can see this happening again and again in medieval Europe. [emphasis added]

[59:10] What survived from the Dark Age, after the Roman economy collapsed, survived mainly in the Byzantium, the Bizantine empire, which did have more or less regular debt cancellations, being fairly Near Eastern at that time. Western Europe was a kind of barbarian backwater, much as it’s becoming today once again. What put it in motion was the looting of Constantinople, funded by the nations and the Crusades [emphasis added].

The Pope mounted a Crusade to the Holy Land, but Venice put up money to fund an army to loot Constantinople, in exchange for one quarter of all of the loot that they could grab. Constantinople had been the one thing protecting Europe from the hordes from the east, from the Huns from the Turks and all sorts of invading grabs. You had all of this money, pouring into the Christian societies, from Italy, all the way to England.

With money, you had commerce. The problem was, how were you going to develop commerce without credit? The Church’s Schoolmen, the theologians, sought some way to permit interest, which Christianity had banned when things got so bad in the Roman Empire that the Christians went to the extreme of banning interest outright [emphasis added].

[1:00:57] They saw interest as the problem that is causing everybody to lose their land and fall into bondage. But the theologian said: you need interest for credit, so we’re not going to permit interest on debts, but we will permit bankers to do foreign exchange trading so that they can send money from England to the kings and the nobility that are on the Crusades. If they put money in London or they need money while they’re on the Crusades to outfit themselves, to buy food or whatever, they can lend against the land [emphasis added].

So, all of a sudden you had the main borrowers were not the poor peasants losing the land, they were the rich nobles. And the people they were borrowing from weren’t civilian creditors, they were the Church, the main Church orders themselves, the Knights Templar and also the Hospitallers [emphasis added].

We have the loan agreements that they’ve all grown up with, and they’re just as difficult as if you go to a bank today and you sign an IOU for a credit card as a bank loan, you had all the different clauses for what you’d have to repay. You had debt coming back into Europe, essentially at the top of the pyramid. The main borrowing was from Italian bankers, and the borrowing is by the kings. It wasn’t so much by the poor, the poor could only borrow from the Jews, they couldn’t borrow from the Christians. Only the rich people could borrow from the Christian bankers [emphasis added].

[1:02:47] Kings aspiring to go to war had to borrow, because all wars are fought with foreign exchange. The idea is, you want to fight the war on foreign soil and destroy their country, not on your own soil where your country is hurt [emphasis added].

Silver, and to a lesser extent gold, was the form of money. Just as silver was money in antiquity, which is why the Spanish word for money “arjun” is the word for silver. Argentina is where the silver came from.

So, you had the developing again, not only of credit, but also of bankruptcy. Who’s going to go bankrupt? It was the kings who would go bankrupt in the realms [emphasis added].

By the 13th century, Matthew Paris was an analyst who was writing about how London and England were being treated pretty much like the third world countries are treated today by the International Monetary Fund. They were just looted by the Italian bankers that say: give us your mines, give us your forests, give us your land, give us your money [emphasis added].

[1:04:05] And, essentially, the kings outside of Italy became client oligarchies, client royalties (not even an oligarchy) to the papal groups that were funding them. Until, finally, the French king decided to arrest all the Templars, kill them, accuse them of devil worship and grabbed all the money back [emphasis added].

But all of the kings in Europe, from Paris to London, had kept the royal treasury in the temples. Just as in antiquity all the cities would keep their savings in the temples. In Babylonia, Sumer, the savings were always kept in the temples, that was done in antiquity. Finally, the Templars were overthrown and that opened the path for the only creditors being Italians and the Dutch and others [emphasis added].

[1:05:10] You had the whole unfolding of European countries going to war, again and again and again, going bankrupt. As they would run up into debts that couldn’t be paid again and again, more and more of the commons, the royal domain, the forest, the subsoil resources, the land, were all forfeited to creditors [emphasis added].

When governments couldn’t pay, they would create a monopoly to give to creditors, and most of the monopolies in infrastructure were all created in order to pay the debts [emphasis added]. The easiest thing for governments to do was to pay debts by saying: we’re going to create an East and West Indies trading company, we’re going to give a trading monopoly and we’ll sell it off, and then we’ll take the proceeds, and you have to pay for the debts and bonds, so we’re going to retire our bonds. Give us a given amount of bonds and we’ll create a monopoly. That’s how the Russia company was created in England. The South Sea company was created to pay debts.

The bank of England was created for 1.2 million pounds sterling paid for in British bonds. All of the monopolies that were created, the privatization of Europe, was largely a debt settlement for debts that couldn’t be paid [emphasis added].

Well as you can imagine, as you fast forward today, the last thing that bankers want is for governments to create their own money. Because if governments can create their own money, like I wanted Canada to do instead of borrowing from Germany, then people won’t have to borrow from the banks. And the banks want the governments to balance their budget, not to create their own money [emphasis added].

[1:06:57] Instead of Modern Monetary Theory, instead of just running a deficit by printing the money, they borrow the money at interest from the banks and the financial class. The claim is that if a government prints money, that’s inflationary, but if you borrow the money from rich people, it’s not inflationary [emphasis added].

This is the same argument that I’ve come across in Canada and It’s wrong. Because, if the government spends more money, it’s equally inflationary (or non-inflationary) whether it is rich people lending it to you, or bankers creating it on a balance sheet and lending it to you, or if the government just prints the money. It’s all the same, it doesn’t matter where the money comes from, but the pretense by the monetarists is that the governments cannot create their own money, government debt is bad, only private debt is good [emphasis added].

And private debt is good because if you have a private corporation or a government going into debt to a private sector or an individual, the creditor ends up foreclosing on the collateral, and the creditors get rich. You have a whole financial dynamic that has defined money as what rich people have and are able to foreclose on. If governments can create their own money, they could also create the creditor rules [emphasis added].

[1:08:29] They could say: if you’ve made a bad loan that can’t be paid like it happened after 2008 when the banks in America made trillions of dollars of fraudulent loans, which were called junk mortgage loans, everybody knew it to be NINJA: no income, no jobs, no assets [emphasis added].

Of course, you’re going to have forfeitures, of course you’re going to have a foreclosure, but you’re not going to want the government to come in and say: wait a minute. We’re going to write down the debts to the real value. The banks only deserve the real value of the property, they don’t deserve the fictitious values that they put on this property [emphasis added].

[1:09:20] This was criminal, as my colleague at University of Missouri at Kansas City, Bill Black, has written extensively (he was the prosecutor for the savings and loan frauds in the United States in the 1980s). He found the frauds under the Obama administration, and the bailout, to be the worst frauds in modern financial history [emphasis added].

Obama was the protector of the fraud. He said: we’re going to reward the criminals. We’re going to let the banks foreclose on debtors that can’t pay the fictitious loan values. We’re going to let private Wall Street firms buy up all their property [emphasis added].

Obama’s aim was to reduce home ownership rates in the country. He slashed it by ten percent, mainly among black people and Hispanics, the low-income people, who had been redlined and who’d had themselves victimized by the most fraudulent loans [emphasis added].

Obama said: I believe in the free market; I’m not going to interfere with the banks (meaning I’m not going to interfere with the bank fraud). No banker will go to jail, but if the debtor can’t pay, then let him be thrown out in the street. You have the same situation today [emphasis added].

Jussi: it seems like what you’re describing is private debt is like a weapon of mass destruction for society or for ordinary people?

Michael: That’s right, because of the compound interest. If people leave their savings in the market or in the bond market or the banks, they grow exponentially. But the economy is not growing, wages have not grown at all since 1980, but the volume of debt has gone up. In every economy, you have the ratio of debt to income rising, you have the ratio of debt to the value of assets rising.

If you look at American real estate, as a whole, most of the real estate is not held by the nominal homeowner or a commercial owner. The debt is the largest chunk of the real estate value.

[1:12:02] The whole economy is being absorbed by this expansion of debt. And that’s vastly increased today with the coronavirus. That’s where Babylonian example comes in. If you do not say: we’re going to treat the whole year, or two years of the virus, as an interruption, nobody’s going to have to pay the debts, no one will have to pay the rent, the landlords won’t have to pay their mortgage debt to the bank, we’re just going to take a breather, so that when it’s all over, we can start afresh as things were before. I'm not even saying there should be a debt write-down.You want to have resilience. [emphasis added]

Jussi: you just take a holiday; I think you’re talking to the right audience when you say that. Because if you want the holiday, you need it to be backed by the state. You need state money in that case. Because it doesn’t matter for them if they get the money or not. Because they can just spend it into existence anyway, right?

If we have a system where we shortcut the private banks or the private financiers, there is no need to pay. In a crisis you could just have a holiday on any payment without a problem actually.

Michael: It’s easy to say that as an ideal, and I think it’s even stronger if you say: what if you don’t do that? What if you make people pay? Between 5 and 10 million families are going to be evicted, right now in America there is a moratorium on rents, renters do not have to pay the landlords. But at a certain point, this moratorium is going to end [emphasis added].

Now, one of two things can happen: either you say okay: At the end of the moratorium, runners don’t have to pay, the landlord doesn’t have to pay, and you don’t have to pay. We’re just starting off where we were when we were interrupted.

[1:14:11] But, if you make everybody pay, then you’re going to throw 10 million families out in the street, just like Obama threw 10 million families out, but this is going to be even worse. In New York City there will be huge evictions, presumably they’re all going to be sleeping on the subways, the homeless shelters are already full in New York city. You’re going to have mass evictions, corporations bankrupt, families losing the money, landlords insolvent. [emphasis added]

The stock market is soaring because this is the best thing that’s happened in half a century: we’re going to get rich! It’s easier to make money in a crisis than it is in growth. There are large numbers of private capital funds that have been created. The private capital funds are saying: We’re raising money we’re raising billions of dollars so that when the evictions come, we can all pick up commercial buildings, residential buildings, homes at a discount, at a cheap price, and then we can turn them into rental properties. What used to be an owner-occupied housing, will now be rental housing and we can act to raise the rents. [emphasis added]

[1:15:32] Essentially, we can recover what was overthrown in the 19th century. We can restore what happened in the medieval times. We can have a neo feudal society. We can be money-large, and we’ll have the power that the landlords had over Europe for hundreds of years before democratic reform. All we have to do is stop democracy, and of course that’s where American diplomacy comes in [emphasis added].

Jussi: wow, this is a strong picture you’re painting. My question is this: can it be a coincidence that we have all the economic theories that we have? That we have beliefs that say: the state needs to have a surplus all the time, we have to borrow from private banks all the time [emphasis added].

I don’t see that many who talk about the problem with private debt. It’s you and Steve Keens actually, and a few more, but not that many. I don’t see any big-name economists, I don’t see that in any papers, is there any reason for it, what do you think?

[1:16:40] Michael: the economic discipline has been turned into a propaganda discipline. There’s been an enormous amount of money to subsidize business schools, think tanks, right-wing organizations. The Koch brothers who have over 50 billion dollars have funded all sorts of right-wing institutes and lobbying organizations. They call them think tanks, but they’re propaganda tanks [emphasis added].

When I went to school 60 years ago, they still taught the history of economic thought. We still learned classical economics about economic rent being unearned income as opposed to profits. But you’ve had the lobbyists essentially strip away, you no longer have, in America, the history of economic thought as a core curriculum topic. You don’t have economic history, it’s a core curriculum topic [emphasis added].

[1:17:36] It’s as if economics should be taught in the humanities department, as literature, science fiction, a parallel universe. So how are you going to get students who study economics and enter this parallel universe? It helps to be autistic. It helps not to have a reality sense. It helps to be someone like Paul Krugman who lives in a kind of “if you assume this then this will happen”. And these are the people who get the Nobel prizes [emphasis added].

The Nobel prize is essentially a public relations organization for the bankers to fight against democracy, against classical economics, to say: that it’s quite right that all economic power should be centralized in a small class. The Nobel prize judges say: if you don’t say that the rich people should take over society instead of governments, then that’s not science, what we say is science because we’re giving the Nobel prize for it, and we get to be the judge [emphasis added].

[1:18:40] They’ve corrupted the judgment process, the academia has been corrupted, and even the statistics have been corrupted. They have redefined gross national product, again and again, to instead of treating interest and fees as a transfer payment, as a cost, they treat it as output [emphasis added].

In the United States, interest rates on credit cards are maybe 11%, but the penalty fees are 29%. The penalty fees are not treated as interest in the accounts, they’re treated as a financial service. So, the banks are providing you a service that is worth the margin between 29% and 11%, and it’s actually a contribution to GDP [emphasis added].

Another reason GDP is going up so much in America is there’s so many foreclosures, there’s so many debt foreclosures. If you’re in a home and the home price is being bid up, because of the monopolization of land, the increase in the home owner’s value of what the homeowner would have to pay himself or herself if they rented their home to themselves, that’s 7% of GDP right there.

[1:20:04] You have a concept of economic output; the whole picture of economies has been redesigned by the bankers to make themselves look as if the parasite is creating all of the nourishment for the host. It’s as if the parasite is actually doing all of the productive work by charging penalty fees, by charging interest, by making monopoly profits. You have the world turned inside out, and I don’t think you can reform a discipline that has been sort of taken over as public relations for the banking sector [emphasis added].

You really have to create a new discipline. I call it archaeology, I mean it could be anthropology, you could call it reality economics. I worked with Herman Khan and Alvin Toffler in the 70s, we decided to call it futurology or futurism. Because you have to create a clean sweep, a new beginning [emphasis added].

[1:21:19] What would the correct curriculum be? We teach classical economics. We take Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, value theory, the difference between value and prices, economic rent, unearned income. You’ve got to restore the concept that not all income is earned, some income is a transfer payment, it’s parasitic, you’ve got to restore that concept [emphasis added].

You’ve got to make a realistic economic model that looks at: here’s how much the debts are growing, here’s the ability to pay, you’re going to have to write down the debts or else you’re going to end up looking like Greece looked a few years ago, where Argentina is looking today. And that’s going to be our future if you don’t have a reality economics, replacing this junk economics that’s paid for by the right-wing lobbyists [emphasis added].

Jussi: We are sitting in the epicenter of what you talked about now, because we are in Sweden in Stockholm, Riksbanken, the Nobel prize is from here, so maybe we should invite someone to have a discussion with you later on. It would be quite fun to see what it is that makes them avoid a Nobel prize in economics, you know based on what criteria, that would be quite fun actually.

Michael: the last thing they would ever agree to is a discussion. A few years ago, Paul Krugman, one of the Nobel prize winners thought: I’ve got to talk to somebody who doesn’t agree with me, and he found a guy from Australia, nobody’s heard of him, Steve Keen. And so, he had a debate, you can find it on google, with Steve Keen, and it was like Bambi meets Goliath.

Krugman is the lobbyist for the banks, ultra-right winger, saying that banks cannot create money, all banks do is act like savings banks, they relend the loans from savers to borrowers, but they don’t create credit at all. Steve Keen showed that when you go into a bank, the banker doesn’t say: well let me see how much money we have to lend you. The banker says: okay we’ll just write out an IOU, and you’ll sign the IOU, and we will create a deposit. It’s the loan that creates the deposit, not the deposit that creates the loans! a 4000-year perspective on economy, money and debt

Steve Keen made Krugman look like the idiot savant that he is. There is no way you are going to talk to any realistic person, because the fact is: They’re basically the neo-fascists. They want to get rid of democratic government, to centralize control in the hands of the banks. They can only do this by making a fictitious view of an economy that doesn’t exist a [emphasis added].

[1:24:27] Anyone who brings in the reality, here are the statistics, the reality of economic history, they say: that’s not economics, that’s exogenous. They actually have a vocabulary. “Exogenous” means “external to our models”. That means: that’s politics, we don’t discuss politics [emphasis added].

[1:24:44] And once they talked to Steve Keen they said: oh, for that reality, that’s not what we’re talking about. Economics is not about reality. Economics is a story about how the world would work if the rich people controlled the government and ran markets in a way that worked [emphasis added].

Of course, that’s utterly fiction, how would banks be if they weren’t crooks? There might be some planet where it’s ruled that way, but let’s talk about the real world, well reality is not part of our models [emphasis added].

Jussi: They have a problem with the empirical things actually, because the results if you look at the number shows quite clearly what’s happening everywhere. Even if you look at Steve Keen's numbers, when he modelled Minsky and we look at history, he can see what happens with private debt when it goes over certain numbers, and then you have a crash. Then you have fire sales, and then somebody buys this stuff cheap and then it starts all over again. It’s quite clear, the numbers are very clear, there’s no doubt about it [emphasis added].

Michael, that was really a lot to take in. I’m happy that we recorded this, we’re going to do a transcript, but would you be up to take a few questions from the audience? Would you mind that?

Michael: sure!

Jussi: If people in the audience just would like to raise their hands and then we can unmute you and you can ask Michael a question. So, Lotte, if you could start?

Lotte: Yes, we’re talking about the sharing economy and circulating economy and everything. What I can see is that nobody owns anything anymore, but they pay each month to use things like music, Spotify and all these kinds of things.

What’s going to happen? I think it’s a kind of slavery and we’re in deep debt because, when we can’t pay anymore. We’re soon in that situation where we can’t have anything of this, music will disappear, we cannot communicate on the internet, we can do nothing. What do you think, what’s the solution, more than talking?

[1:27:43] Michael: Well you’re going to have to withdraw from the European Union, to begin with. Right now, Europe’s government is part of NATO. Europe is governed by a small office in the bottom of the Pentagon.

We’re following the problem we had when I was analyzing the Vietnam war: How does America pay for all of the military bases all over the world? It pays just by writing treasury debt. Europe funds America’s military. For America: the vantage point of American diplomacy. [emphasis added]

I’m answering your question because I’m framing it. Europe has to conduct this money with US dollars. The Americans designed the Euro at the University of Chicago, again the root of all evil. No European country is any longer what political textbooks define as a state. A state has the ability to issue money, to do its own taxes and to declare war. No European country has any of these rights. Part of the rules of the Eurozone is: you cannot run a budget deficit of more than three percent [emphasis added].

The intention of the US who designed this is: If the eurozone cannot run into debt, then there is not going to be Eurobonds for other countries, to hold their international reserves in. The only thing that they can hold their reserves in will be US dollars, which are the monetization of America’s military bases and military activities all over the world. A dollar is the embodiment of America’s military spending [emphasis added].

[1:29:51] They don’t want any European government to be able to create its own money to either pull it out of depression or to say: Here we are in Italy or Sweden and there are people who can’t pay their debts, so we’re going to just create the money, to save the banks.

Or if the banks do go under, we’ll have a public bank that will essentially insure all of the depositors up to whatever their insured amount is. We’re going to use our money to be able to finance how our economy gets by when people are not going to work, when companies are not functioning, when we’re not getting the flow of income, the government is going to provide the money in order to get it by.

A real state would be able to do that, but that’s being banned under the monetary rules because they say: no that’s government debt! If you need money to get by, you have to borrow from the commercial banks and if you lose your home that’s just too bad. If you lose your property you lose your savings, well that’s how the free market works.

[1:31:05] Somehow, they’ve tricked the Europeans into believing that that’s a free market. It’s the way to debt peonage, it’s not freedom, it’s debt peonage. They’ve used Orwellian rhetoric to make debt peonage seem like freedom from the government’s ability to create its own money to save you from falling into debt and losing your home and losing your job and becoming impoverished [emphasis added].

Lotte: we have a Swedish guy here, he’s called Gustafsson, he wrote a book about changing from speculation economy to time economy. That you should change the whole system so everybody is paid exactly the same number of hours they have worked according to what you have got. So, then there will be no opportunity to speculate. There was a lot of tax planning lifting money from the poor to the rich all the time, but in this system, there wouldn’t be any holes.

Michael: All the money is made in speculation, if you don’t have a speculation economy, GDP won’t be going up so much, and the economy won’t polarize.

[1:32:32] The speculation economy has two great benefits: number one creates a lot of wealth, number two this wealth is sucked up by the One Percent from the 99 Percent. The advantage of a speculation economy is, it impoverishes the 99, that’s the business plan of the banks. If you get rid of the speculative economy then there goes the bank’s business plan. But they’re the people who are financing the government because they’ve privatized the government along with much of the infrastructure [emphasis added].

Jussi: Okay, thanks a lot, we need to go to the next person, thanks a lot for your questions Lotte. This time it will be Joe Polito.

Joe: Hi Michael, that was a sensational presentation as always, it’s just a wonderful experience. I’m so glad they’re recording it; we’ll be able to share it. I want to ask you about Central Bank Digital Currency. In Toronto, Canada tomorrow, they’re having a discussion about it and there’s a proposal of an introduction of it where it would replace just pocketbook money to begin with.

There have been other presentations, where there’s a bank of Spain paper that talks about having 100 % money, really in terms of Central Bank Digital Currency. Do you see those developments as a potential to reduce economic rent in the banking system? Giving the people more opportunity to spend money on the real priorities, that you’ve outlined to make it a really productive economy and not a speculative land inflation economy and so forth?

Michael: I don’t see the connection. I have to admit that I’m a technopeasant. In the 60s I did have to do my own programming and I was the link between Chase’s economics department and the computer department. I got so burned out doing computer programming, that I’ve developed a phobia for anything that has to do with computers, a computerized thing like electronic funding.

It seems to me simply a form of account keeping, then I don’t see what difference it makes. If it’s money creation, I think there are many ways of money creation, obviously money is created on computers, but it all depends. I want to stay away from cryptocurrencies, especially cryptocurrencies that use an enormous amount of energy where all of the energy in the world is going to be doing bitcoin or cryptocurrency stuff. It’s not my field.

Joe: I’ll put the link to the Bank of Spain paper, which basically they linked to the Chicago plan, to a 100% money, to the need act approach that you have supported.

Michael: Yes, I’m all in favor of that, as I guess you know, I was the economic adviser to Dennis Kucinich, when he was running for president and sponsoring that act. The Chicago plan deserves to be discussed much more, people say: if banks are only like savings banks, how is the economy going to get the money to grow?

The money can come quite simply: When a bank under the Chicago Plan will find a creditworthy borrower, it will draw on an account and open a line of credit with the treasury. The treasury will provide the deposits that the banks in turn will lend out for some form of commission. So, there’s no reason that the Chicago plan has to be deflationary [emphasis added].

The difference is that if the government is essentially operating as a public bank, the government will not make speculative loans. A bank under the Chicago plan would not be able to borrow money from the treasury to fund a corporate takeover that strips assets, or speculation derivatives, gambles or all the things that drove Citibank insolvent in 2008 [emphasis added].

[1:36:57] I think the Chicago plan is probably the most practical solution that’s been put. The easiest way to discuss the needed reform is to frame it in terms of the Chicago plan, since that’s what the Chicago school itself was discussing from the 1930s onwards. The Chicago plan in my mind would be part of Modern Monetary Theory working through the banks [emphasis added].

Joe: Thank you so much for the great answer.

Jussi: Thank you Joe and thank you Michael, I think Tune Nielsen has been waiting for some time.

Tune: thank you so much, Hi Michael, I don’t know if you remember me from New York five years ago. I’m from Denmark. Anyway, I’m very interested in this question about rent, and its affiliation and relation to money and especially money creation by private banks.

It comes to my mind, especially in these times, this very low interest environment, that we are seeing at the moment that money is seeping down into the rent, into the land. Debt has actually become a privilege of the few to sort of privatize rent. What we’re seeing now is actually that the profits of big financial institutions of financial investors is much more related to land ownership than into just owning debts or stocks or whatever. Could you tell us something about this relation and how it’s evolved throughout I’d say since 2008 maybe?

Michael: Well now you’re asking questions about reality, so I can see you’re never going to qualify for the Nobel prize.

[1:39:17] 80% of bank loans are to the real estate sector, they are mortgage loans from the United States to Britain. Rent is for paying interest. If 80% of bank loans are to real estate, and almost all of this real estate represents the capitalized value of land, then most interest is essentially the payment of rent [emphasis added].

What that means is that, the rent that used to be paid to the hereditary aristocracy of Europe, the landlords, is now paid to the banks. Because if you want to buy a house, you go to a bank, and you say I want a loan to buy this home and you’re bidding against other people that also want to buy a home. The winning bidder is the bidder who’s willing to pay all of the rental value of that, whether you rent it out or if it’s your own home [emphasis added].

What you would have to pay the landlord as rent is now paid to the bank is debt service, mainly mortgage interest. Especially when you have zero amortization loans as you began to be developed in 2008.

[1:40:36] You have the banks playing the role in today’s society that landlords used to do. In a way that’s what makes neo-feudalism, both different from and like earlier feudalism. Today people can live wherever they want. You’re not tied to living in the house that you were born in. You can live wherever you want. But wherever you live, if you want a home of your own, you’re going to have to borrow money [emphasis added].

The US government will guarantee bank loans that absorb up to 43% of your income, 43 % is pretty much. That’s a huge amount when you also have to pay 15 % social security and other taxes, income taxes, pay for health care, a huge amount. If you pay rent, the landlord has bought the house probably on credit, and the landlord pays a little value for the bank.

Today, renters pay interest, and the reciprocal of that is that most interest payments serve the capitalization of rent instead of taxing it. That’s why the free marketers are so much against taxation [emphasis added].

All of this increase in land value, that the landlord doesn’t create, is caused by prosperity. It’s caused by city spending on goods and services, by building subways and transportation, parks, schools. If the land value is created by the public, the government can finance this by a land tax. It doesn’t have to tax labor. It doesn’t have to pay tax capital. All of the costs of government can be paid for by the land rent and the natural resource rent of the oil and gas industry, the monopoly rent.

That’s the Thorstein Veblen law. He developed it in his book on Absentee Ownership. He said: if you look at cities today, any city can be locked up as a real estate project where the banks are funding the real estate developers that buy speculators who try to sell their property at a profit, leaving the bottom of the economic pyramid holding the bag and having to pay all this increased real estate value, mainly a land rent to the banks in interest [emphasis added].

The banking system has become the main protector of the rentier interests, the main protector of not taxing the land, of not taxing oil and gas and mining companies, of not taxing monopolies. The banks have become the main lobbyists for a society that lets its economic surplus be taken in the form of economic rent instead of paid to the government as a means of funding taxes [emphasis added].

That’s what forces the government and the tax industry, to tax labor and essentially to create an economy that’s more and more expensive because rent is an element of price but not value [emphasis added].

The tax shift off rentier income onto labor and industrial capital is essentially what’s de-industrialized the United States. So, the business plan of the commercial banking sector is deindustrialization. It wants to suck so much revenue out of the economy that the economy has become a high-cost rentier economy, de-industrializes, and becomes dependent on countries that don’t have a banking class in control [emphasis added].

Jussi: Thanks Michael, we jump to the next one, Stevie?

Stevie: I think Petra was actually before me.

Jussi: Let me take Petra first, thanks for being a gentleman.

Petra: I’m from Germany and I listen very really carefully and I’m astonished about some things you said. You said we should leave the Eurozone. I think that’s not in our power to achieve. If you talk about the government and say they are also not really in control, we have this one person that is in control. I don’t see any realistic view to come out of that.

What I’m thinking is: there is still one great power in the world that can stand up against for example the U.S government and your military force and that’s China. What is your view on that? I mean all the plans the government, and the U.S can make. Is there really a chance that China will stand up and give for example loans to other countries so they don’t have to be enslaved by the U.S or any such things. I mean can you see something like that?

[1:46:20] Michael: Most of my work in the last five years has been with China. I was a professor of economics at Peking University for a number of years and I have professorships at a number of universities in China, and working very actively there.

The difference between China and the west is that China has kept banking in the public domain; the bank of China is the main creditor, not commercial banks. What that means is that, if you’re a corporation in China and you can’t pay the debt, the Bank of China, being part of the government, says: wait a minute, we need this company to stay in business [emphasis added].

If we say: I’m sorry, you’re going to have to go bankrupt and be sold off mainly to an American buyer or somebody on the cheap that’ll just carve you all up. But it’s going to say: we’re not going to let you go bankrupt and fire all your people, we’re going to save you, we’re going to alleviate the debt [emphasis added].

Same thing with the foreign countries, it doesn’t want to treat foreign countries like the United States treats them through the International Monetary Fund. It’s trying to extend its belt and road initiative. It’s trying to have good political relations with these countries and trying to make productive loans. It’s trying to say: we’re going to make a loan to you, but we don’t want to bankrupt you, because that would make [repayment] impossible. [emphasis added]

If you impose austerity like the IMF insists that you do, austerity makes it even harder for you to repay the loan. What we’re going to do is we’re going to make this loan and you’ll repay us. We’ll make the money in the port charges for the ports that we’re buying, or we’re providing infrastructure, we’re going to make money off the infrastructure [emphasis added].

[1:48:18] I had a long discussion with Pepe Escobar on this, and the argument made against the belt and road initiative was: Look, the Suez Canal went bankrupt. The Panama Canal by Lesseps went bankrupt. Building canals and infrastructure really doesn’t pay.

China says: we’re not in it for the money, we’re not developing this transport and belt and road infrastructure in order to make a profit. We’re developing it in order to create a region-wide prosperity, in which we can all share.

The whole concept of government banking: making loans on the basis, basically, of industrial engineering. In America, industrial companies are run by financial engineers. In China, loan making financial companies, are designed by industrial engineering principal saying: What kind of industry and what infrastructure do we need in China? What do we need for a train transport, for highway transport, for public power transport etc.[emphasis added]

So, the conflict between the United States and with Europe is the tail in China. It isn’t a conflict about who’s going to make better iPhones. It’s a conflict to the death of economic systems. The United States and Europe cannot permit any country to survive that is not polarizing the economy [emphasis added].

It’s a conflict between an economic system that impoverishes the economy, which is the political aim of the European governments and the American governments, or an economy that is structured so as to help economies grow, which is Chinese pragmatic industrial economy [emphasis added].

[1:50:17] We’re really talking about a conflict not among nations, but between what was industrial capitalism, which is evolving into socialism, or finance capitalism. The United States represents finance capitalism, and it imposed this on Europe as its satellite. As long as Europe lets itself become a satellite for finance capitalism, it’s going to end up being de-industrialized as the United States [emphasis added].

That’s why you’re not going to have a Nobel prize given to explain why China is succeeding and the US and Europe is not. The Nobel prize is about a parallel universe, and just forgets about China; that’s exogenous [emphasis added].

Jussi: thanks a lot for your question Petra and thank you Michael, so now I think it’s our gentleman’s Stevie, are you up for it?

Stevie: thank you very much for a very thought-provoking talk, I really enjoyed that. Just as a side: I see what you mean when you talk about the Euro zone and the national territories not therefore being in control, because they don’t have their own currencies.

But my concern is with the general right-wing drift that there is around, that there’s that nationalism. If we were to go back to that, it would be a retrograde step. For me especially in Ireland in the north of Ireland, here I look to Europe, I feel it, that cultural affinity with Europe. To think that we would be retreating behind national territories again would terrify the life out of me.

I would go the opposite and then, instead of looking for the national territories to be lost in the Euro, that there ought to be a greater political union in the whole of Europe. That might be one way around it.

Whatever, leave that aside. Seemingly one of the implications of what you have said about your focus on debt is that we could have a clean slate scenario. That would take us back to the start of a cycle again, that’s part of capitalism. I’m just wondering what your thinking is about the processes of capitalism in relation to that tension that is between labor and capital? With particular focus on artificial intelligence and what the future then holds for that labor and capital tension.

Michael: you made a number of points. Back in the 1960s almost everybody I knew agreed with your views about nationalism. After all they just went through World War II. They looked at that as an expression of nationalism. In principle it seemed to be that the antidote to nationalism was going to be globalism. But nobody expected that globalism would turn into what it’s turned out today. If nationalism is bad, so is a unilateral globalism run by the United States. Globalism today is American nationalism [emphasis added].

[1:53:57] Europeans are the most nationalistic, viciously nationalistic people of all. But they’re nationalistic for the United States! The European leaders, I remember once I was invited to meet with Helmut Schmidt when he was running Germany, he was Germany’s leader. Volkswagen had invited us over. There are only four people in the room. Because I could speak German, Schmidt thought that if I was there, I must be there from the U.S. government. I don’t know why Volkswagen invited me, but he came over and he assured me that his loyalty was to the United States and not to worry that he would really do whatever the United states wanted him to do. [emphasis added]

He didn’t quite do it that way, but I think every European leader, probably once a month, promises that to the United States. Your leaders represent the United States financial interests, not your country. Essentially, you’re not run by presidents or by parliament, you’re run by NATO, especially in Sweden. That’s why I’m so sorry that the author of The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo series died, because he was into that, showing the whole effect of that covert NATO right-wing bit there.

What you consider to be European integration is rotten nationalism, rotten American financialism, because Brussels, the European Union Government, is the most right-wing, militaristic, vicious group. Last week, foreign minister Sergey Lavrov gave a wonderful speech saying that Russia is quite happy to deal with national governments such as Germany, France and Italy on their own terms. It has given up trying to deal with Europe via Brussels. Because Europe being right wing globalists and your idea of globalism is American nationalism.

Lavrov said: you’re puppets, we’re not going to deal with your puppet government, pan-European government. We’re going to hope that there’s some way that individual governments can somehow break away from this order.

[1:56:46] As I mentioned earlier, the eurozone is structured in such a rotten way, with its financial rules and its monetary rules it cannot be resolved. I suspect your population and living standard will have to drop by about 25 to 30 percent, before there’s an awareness that things don’t have to be this way. Things can be different.

[1:57:12] Only governments can create their own money, if you leave global money creation, it’s going to be American military spending, that’s the dollar standard today, that’s global money creation.

The contrast between nationalism and globalism in a completely different context, than it was 60 years ago when we used to have these discussions and when it seemed to be a good idea for Europe to integrate. The European common market, seven countries was all for it, especially for the common agricultural policy that made itself independent [emphasis added].

The United States kept trying to break down the common agricultural policy and sponsored a group of really bad countries to try to oppose Europe. The bad countries of course were Scandinavia and England. They created an EFTA, European Free Trade Area, and the idea was that the free trade area would act as proxies to essentially break down and prevent any kind of a progressive social democratic or socialist continental Europe [emphasis added].

That’s the problem: you have, the Scandinavian English-speaking sphere is part of the militarist NATO right-wing sphere, trying to block any ability of the original seven countries operating together. Of course, now that they expanded NATO and the eurozone for the east, the Baltic countries and Poland, you have absolute paralysis and inability to do anything at all.

I guess that I was stuck on the first part of your question. I don’t remember the rest.

Stevie: shall I repeat the second part?

Michael: Just summarize it, remind me of what the topics were.

Stevie: Artificial intelligence and the tension between labor and capital.

Michael: The key to artificial intelligence is what we all learned as a computer programmer: garbage in, garbage out (GIGO). You can have artificial intelligence somebody putting in the kind of model that Nobel prizes are given for, you’re going to have your economy shrink by 30 % right away. Artificial intelligence applied to plan the European economy would shorten your lifespans, raise your suicide rates, impoverish the country, lead to unemployment and you’d all end up looking like Greece. That’s the plan that the financial sector would program into this artificial intelligence, means of controlling your economy. I think it’s an awful idea. Because who’s going to be doing the input? Garbage in, garbage out.

Stevie: That’s exactly my point, I was just wondering about the future and the opposition to it, anyway, thank you very much.

Jussi: thanks Stevie. Ok, Elene?

Elene: I’m just wondering what you suggest as an individual. What do we do as individuals, because we’re seeing our money deteriorate and we can’t maintain paying the bills anymore, what do you recommend we do as individuals to get out of the system?

[2:01:15] Michael: I don’t know, every individual is different. Every individual has their own ability to do things, most people are not able to do very much. Some individuals who agree with what you’ve been saying, like Dennis Kucinich, tried to think: I’m going to run for congress and go into the government. But the Democratic Party said: democracy is not going to work if we have someone like Dennis Kucinich in the government, so we’re going to redesign the voting district and we’re going to just get rid of his district. They got rid of his district and so, you have nowhere to run anymore.

The party politics is pretty much blocking anyone from operating politically in a government. I don’t know what you can do, the only thing I can think of is please starve quietly.

Elene: I’m starving.

Michael: I’m sorry, I wish I could say, I don’t know anybody who knows what to do about this. My father was a political prisoner in America, accused of advocating the overthrow of the government by force and violence. Because he was a pacifist, and they accused all the pacifists of force and violence, it was in Minneapolis. I’m the last person to ask about a question like that.

Elene: It’s just that I’m very concerned that I’m watching myself paying a mortgage that I could easily afford before, now it’s getting harder. I’m supporting grown-up children that are struggling to pay their own rents. I’ve got an elderly father; you know I’m finding life is getting harder and there doesn’t seem to be any solutions. I’m just wondering how we can change what we’re doing?

Michael: Well here’s the irony. Most people want what you want, they want affordable housing, Americans want public medical care. But there’s no party representing these things that you want, and if you do create a party then it’s excluded.

I was in Latvia for quite a few years, I was the research director for the Riga Graduate School of Law. I wrote the program for the largest Latvian political party, Harmony Center, which was the Russian-speaking party. They have one-third of the population of Latvia, one-third of the votes, but they were completely excluded from the government. The program that I drew up for them was a land tax, you’d recapture what the kleptocrats had taken away, by taxing the rental value of the land that they gave themselves. You tax away the value of the public infrastructure that they’ve given themselves. Their elected representatives were simply excluded from government, so you have the political party system blocking any movement by the democracies.

The first thing is you have to let people know that you do not live in a democracy. A democracy would enable you to vote for the policies that you want. So that you’d be able to have affordable housing, you’d be able to have a good paying job. But if you want that, you’re excluded from the party process that actually makes the laws or from the court process.

That’s why the United States is trying to take the power to make laws itself away from governments themselves, and have an international body of law which it tried to do with the trans-pacific partnership, the TTIP with Europe which would have essentially taken away the government’s ability to make their own environmental laws, to make their own social regulatory laws. That’s the kind of globalism that you have. The idea is to exclude the people from having any voice in government, that’s how the European politics is being structured today.

[2:05:42] You have to somehow create a political movement that does what the 19th century did, the whole 19th century from the physiocrats to Adam Smith to John Stuart Mill and Marx onward. It was all an attempt to free itself from the post-feudal landed aristocracy. It seemed to be evolving into socialism, until World War I, which changed all of that.

You have to essentially pick up the fight all over again. Except today, instead of getting rid of the hereditary landed aristocracy, you’re getting rid of the financial interests and the American militarists behind them.

Elene: thank you.

Jussi: I think what we are trying to do in Positiva Pengar, is actually to start this grassroot movement. It’s not a political party, it’s through the monetary systems, we use the monetary system for the benefit of society and its citizens.

Democracy is a very important thing because it doesn’t matter what system you have, if it’s corrupt, it’s corrupt. It needs to be a grassroots movement, that’s why we are very happy to have you here Michael and earlier Steve Keens, and the few of you, who actually understand these parts really deeply and have extensive experience.

We have a few more questions, but I think we need to start to end this, because it’s been two hours and I think we will need a rest. I’m quite sure there’s quite many, me included, that would like to have you back, but we can talk about that later I think Michael. This has been extremely rich on information and from experience and from real data and not just theories about things. I would say that we conclude there, sorry guys there’s three people raising up their hands, but I think we’re running out of steam.

Thank you very much, and it’s quite a lot in the chat that says thank you, and that said thank you a lot even though they had to leave earlier.

They really appreciate that you share all the knowledge, and all the experience you have. The thing that I think that you have that is very unique is that you have the historical perspective. And you also have been in the political arena and in the economical arena too. So, you know, you have seen it in real life also, that is a really good combination to learn from I would say.

A short conclusion here: there has been and still is this power struggle between financial elites who want the power to them. An easy way to do that is to restrict what the government run by democratic principles can do. And that private debt needs to be handled.

Michael: you also have the monetary issues with the military issue. Because all of your central bank reserves held in dollars are to fund the American military. That’s really at the root of much of the problem. It’s a military problem and then it’s a rent problem of economic rent and unearned income. I think you have to integrate the monetary problem with rent and the military.

Jussi: I can hear that you’re speaking yourself back here shortly. I love that, I think it’s transparent.

Lotte: but I think it’s important that you end this kind of education with the solutions time as well. Because I’m a grassroot princess, and I have a method to gather people on the streets. I’m working with the crayons. We’re just waiting for the spring now so we can do this and we’re working with direct democracy and we are going to ask the question: what is democracy? What tools do we need to use democracy? We will get it in from the people and we write it on a big, big, big ground in the center of Stockholm.

Michael: I think this is a historical question and I’m just finishing my book The Collapse of Antiquity, which is my economic history of Greece and Rome. It is a sequel to “and forgive them their debts.” You can see from the very beginning that what people call democracy was really an oligarchy. So, I think that discussing these questions cannot be put in the abstract, they have to be treated almost more as a historical question and an empirical question than a philosophical abstract question.

Jussi: thanks a lot, we like everybody who’s working for democracy regardless of what they do, because democracy is a good thing.

I will get back to you with the recording and the transcription when we have done that, and then we can talk further to see if we could put up on another go with new topics because it would be fun and there’s plenty of people already said that they would like that.

Michael: I just want to leave you with one thought: democracy is the political stage immediately before oligarchy.

Jussi: Okay, well thank you for making our evenings here very cheerful. Thanks a lot, and thank you to all the audience and catch you later on. Thank you. Bye bye.